File Upload Handling

Node.js (Multer — recommended)

import multer from 'multer';
import path from 'path';
import crypto from 'crypto';

// Storage configuration
const storage = multer.diskStorage({
  destination: './uploads',
  filename: (req, file, cb) => {
    const uniqueName = `${crypto.randomUUID()}${path.extname(file.originalname)}`;
    cb(null, uniqueName);
  },
});

// File filter
const fileFilter = (req: Express.Request, file: Express.Multer.File, cb: multer.FileFilterCallback) => {
  const allowedMimes = ['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/webp', 'application/pdf'];
  if (allowedMimes.includes(file.mimetype)) {
    cb(null, true);
  } else {
    cb(new Error(`File type ${file.mimetype} not allowed`));
  }
};

const upload = multer({
  storage,
  fileFilter,
  limits: { fileSize: 10 * 1024 * 1024 }, // 10MB
});

// Single file
app.post('/upload', upload.single('file'), (req, res) => {
  res.json({ filename: req.file!.filename, size: req.file!.size });
});

// Multiple files
app.post('/upload/multiple', upload.array('files', 10), (req, res) => {
  res.json({ count: (req.files as Express.Multer.File[]).length });
});

// Error handling
app.use((err: Error, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
  if (err instanceof multer.MulterError) {
    if (err.code === 'LIMIT_FILE_SIZE') return res.status(413).json({ error: 'File too large' });
    return res.status(400).json({ error: err.message });
  }
  if (err.message.includes('not allowed')) return res.status(415).json({ error: err.message });
  next(err);
});

Memory storage (for cloud forwarding)

const upload = multer({ storage: multer.memoryStorage(), limits: { fileSize: 10 * 1024 * 1024 } });

app.post('/upload', upload.single('file'), async (req, res) => {
  // req.file.buffer contains the file — forward to S3
  await s3.send(new PutObjectCommand({
    Bucket: bucket, Key: key, Body: req.file!.buffer, ContentType: req.file!.mimetype,
  }));
});

Python (FastAPI)

from fastapi import UploadFile, File, HTTPException
import aiofiles, uuid

ALLOWED_TYPES = {"image/jpeg", "image/png", "application/pdf"}
MAX_SIZE = 10 * 1024 * 1024  # 10MB

@app.post("/upload")
async def upload_file(file: UploadFile = File(...)):
    if file.content_type not in ALLOWED_TYPES:
        raise HTTPException(415, f"Type {file.content_type} not allowed")

    content = await file.read()
    if len(content) > MAX_SIZE:
        raise HTTPException(413, "File too large")

    filename = f"{uuid.uuid4()}{Path(file.filename).suffix}"
    async with aiofiles.open(f"uploads/{filename}", "wb") as f:
        await f.write(content)

    return {"filename": filename, "size": len(content)}

Java (Spring Boot)

@PostMapping("/upload")
public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> upload(
        @RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file) {

    if (file.isEmpty()) throw new ResponseStatusException(BAD_REQUEST, "Empty file");
    if (file.getSize() > 10_000_000) throw new ResponseStatusException(PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE);

    String ext = StringUtils.getFilenameExtension(file.getOriginalFilename());
    String filename = UUID.randomUUID() + "." + ext;
    Path dest = Path.of("uploads", filename);
    file.transferTo(dest);

    return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of("filename", filename));
}

Spring config:

spring:
  servlet:
    multipart:
      max-file-size: 10MB
      max-request-size: 10MB

File Validation Beyond MIME

// Validate actual file content (magic bytes), not just extension
import { fileTypeFromBuffer } from 'file-type';

const type = await fileTypeFromBuffer(req.file!.buffer);
if (!type || !['image/jpeg', 'image/png'].includes(type.mime)) {
  return res.status(415).json({ error: 'Invalid file content' });
}

Anti-Patterns

Production Checklist

• File size limits configured
• MIME type whitelist (validate magic bytes, not just extension)
• UUID filenames (never use original filename for storage)
• Multer error handler middleware
• Virus scanning for user uploads (ClamAV)
• Rate limiting on upload endpoints
• Cleanup strategy for orphaned files