C++ Expert

Expert guidance for modern C++ development including C++20/23 features, STL, templates, memory management, and high-performance programming.

Core Concepts

Modern C++ Features (C++20/23)

Concepts and constraints
Ranges and views
Coroutines
Modules
Three-way comparison (spaceship operator)
std::format
std::span
Designated initializers
consteval and constinit

Memory Management

RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)
Smart pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr)
Move semantics and perfect forwarding
Memory allocation strategies
Custom allocators
Memory pools

Performance

Zero-cost abstractions
Inline optimization
Template metaprogramming
Compile-time computation (constexpr)
Cache-friendly data structures
SIMD operations

STL Containers

Sequential Containers

#include <vector>
#include <deque>
#include <list>
#include <array>

// vector - dynamic array
std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
vec.push_back(6);
vec.emplace_back(7); // Construct in-place
vec.reserve(100); // Pre-allocate capacity

// deque - double-ended queue
std::deque<int> deq = {1, 2, 3};
deq.push_front(0);
deq.push_back(4);

// list - doubly-linked list
std::list<int> lst = {1, 2, 3};
lst.push_front(0);
lst.push_back(4);
lst.remove(2); // Remove all elements with value 2

// array - fixed-size array
std::array<int, 5> arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Associative Containers

#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>

// map - ordered key-value pairs
std::map<std::string, int> ages;
ages["Alice"] = 30;
ages["Bob"] = 25;
ages.insert({"Charlie", 35});

// set - ordered unique elements
std::set<int> numbers = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9};
numbers.insert(2);

// unordered_map - hash table
std::unordered_map<std::string, int> hash_map;
hash_map["key"] = 42;

// unordered_set - hash set
std::unordered_set<int> hash_set = {1, 2, 3};

Algorithms

#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <vector>

std::vector<int> numbers = {5, 2, 8, 1, 9, 3, 7};

// Sorting
std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), std::greater<int>());

// Searching
auto it = std::find(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), 8);
bool found = std::binary_search(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), 5);

// Transforming
std::vector<int> doubled(numbers.size());
std::transform(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), doubled.begin(),
    [](int n) { return n * 2; });

// Filtering
std::vector<int> evens;
std::copy_if(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), std::back_inserter(evens),
    [](int n) { return n % 2 == 0; });

// Accumulate
int sum = std::accumulate(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), 0);
int product = std::accumulate(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), 1,
    std::multiplies<int>());

// Partition
auto pivot = std::partition(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(),
    [](int n) { return n < 5; });

// Remove
numbers.erase(std::remove(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), 5), numbers.end());

// Unique (remove consecutive duplicates)
std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
numbers.erase(std::unique(numbers.begin(), numbers.end()), numbers.end());

Concurrency

#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <future>
#include <atomic>

// Thread
void worker(int id) {
    std::cout << "Thread " << id << '\n';
}

std::thread t1(worker, 1);
std::thread t2(worker, 2);
t1.join();
t2.join();

// Mutex
std::mutex mtx;
int shared_data = 0;

void increment() {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    ++shared_data;
}

// Atomic
std::atomic<int> counter{0};
counter++; // Thread-safe
counter.fetch_add(5);

// Future and promise
std::promise<int> prom;
std::future<int> fut = prom.get_future();

std::thread t([&prom]() {
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
    prom.set_value(42);
});

int result = fut.get(); // Blocks until ready
t.join();

// async
auto future = std::async(std::launch::async, []() {
    return 42;
});

int value = future.get();

Build Systems

CMake

# CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
project(MyApp VERSION 1.0.0 LANGUAGES CXX)

# Set C++ standard
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)

# Compiler flags
if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU" OR CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
    add_compile_options(-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -O3)
endif()

# Find packages
find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
find_package(Boost 1.75 REQUIRED COMPONENTS system filesystem)

# Add executable
add_executable(myapp
    src/main.cpp
    src/module.cpp
    include/module.h
)

# Include directories
target_include_directories(myapp PRIVATE include)

# Link libraries
target_link_libraries(myapp PRIVATE
    Threads::Threads
    Boost::system
    Boost::filesystem
)

# Install
install(TARGETS myapp DESTINATION bin)

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

❌ Raw pointers for ownership: Use smart pointers ❌ Manual memory management: Use RAII ❌ Using C-style arrays: Use std::array or std::vector ❌ Ignoring const correctness: Mark everything const that can be ❌ Unnecessary copies: Use move semantics and references ❌ Premature optimization: Profile before optimizing ❌ Using new without delete: Use smart pointers

Reference Documentation

Detailed material lives alongside this skill and is read on demand:

Best Practices — RAII, Const Correctness, Rule of Zero/Three/Five
Modern C++ Syntax — Concepts (C++20), Ranges and Views (C++20), Coroutines (C++20), Smart Pointers, Move Semantics, Templates and Metaprogramming, std::format (C++20)

Resources

C++ Reference: https://en.cppreference.com/
C++ Core Guidelines: https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/
Compiler Explorer: https://godbolt.org/
CPP Reference: https://cplusplus.com/

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