Rust Best Practices

Based on Microsoft Pragmatic Rust Guidelines and Rust community standards.

Core Principles

1. Leverage the type system — Use types to make invalid states unrepresentable
2. Embrace ownership — Work with the borrow checker, not against it
3. Explicit over implicit — Be clear about fallibility, mutability, and lifetimes
4. Zero-cost abstractions — Use iterators, generics, and traits without runtime cost
5. Fail fast, recover gracefully — Validate early, handle errors explicitly

Error Handling

Use thiserror for Libraries

use thiserror::Error;

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum MyError {
    #[error("IO error: {0}")]
    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
    #[error("Parse error at line {line}: {message}")]
    Parse { line: usize, message: String },
    #[error("Not found: {0}")]
    NotFound(String),
}

Use anyhow for Applications

use anyhow::{Context, Result};

fn main() -> Result<()> {
    let config = load_config()
        .context("Failed to load configuration")?;
    run_app(config)?;
    Ok(())
}

Never Panic in Libraries

// ❌ BAD
pub fn get_item(index: usize) -> &Item {
    &self.items[index]  // Panics on out-of-bounds
}

// ✅ GOOD
pub fn get_item(&self, index: usize) -> Option<&Item> {
    self.items.get(index)
}

// ✅ GOOD - when you need Result
pub fn get_item(&self, index: usize) -> Result<&Item, Error> {
    self.items.get(index).ok_or(Error::NotFound(index))
}

API Design

Use Builder Pattern for Complex Configs

pub struct Client {
    url: String,
    timeout: Duration,
    retries: u32,
}

impl Client {
    pub fn builder(url: impl Into<String>) -> ClientBuilder {
        ClientBuilder {
            url: url.into(),
            timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
            retries: 3,
        }
    }
}

pub struct ClientBuilder {
    url: String,
    timeout: Duration,
    retries: u32,
}

impl ClientBuilder {
    pub fn timeout(mut self, timeout: Duration) -> Self {
        self.timeout = timeout;
        self
    }

    pub fn retries(mut self, retries: u32) -> Self {
        self.retries = retries;
        self
    }

    pub fn build(self) -> Client {
        Client {
            url: self.url,
            timeout: self.timeout,
            retries: self.retries,
        }
    }
}

Use Newtype Pattern

// ❌ BAD - primitive obsession
fn create_user(name: String, email: String, age: u32) -> User { ... }

// ✅ GOOD - newtype wrappers
pub struct Username(String);
pub struct Email(String);
pub struct Age(u32);

impl Email {
    pub fn new(email: impl Into<String>) -> Result<Self, ValidationError> {
        let email = email.into();
        if email.contains('@') {
            Ok(Self(email))
        } else {
            Err(ValidationError::InvalidEmail)
        }
    }
}

fn create_user(name: Username, email: Email, age: Age) -> User { ... }

Accept impl Trait for Flexibility

// ❌ BAD - overly specific
pub fn process(items: Vec<String>) { ... }

// ✅ GOOD - accept any iterable
pub fn process(items: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>) {
    for item in items {
        println!("{}", item.as_ref());
    }
}

References

• Microsoft Pragmatic Rust Guidelines
• Rust API Guidelines
• The Rust Book
• references/advanced.md — performance, async, testing, and anti-pattern examples