Pytest Testing
Guidance for writing effective tests with pytest.
Core Concepts
Fixtures
Reusable test setup/teardown. Use yield for cleanup.
Scopes:
| Scope | Runs | Use Case |
|---|---|---|
function | Each test | Default, isolated |
class | Once per class | Shared state in class |
module | Once per file | Expensive setup |
session | Once total | DB connections, servers |
Key concept: conftest.py makes fixtures available to all tests in directory.
Parametrize
Test multiple inputs without repeating code.
Key concept: Generates separate test for each parameter set - failures are isolated.
Use pytest.param() for:
- Custom test IDs
- Expected failures (
marks=pytest.mark.xfail) - Conditional skips
Markers
Tag tests for filtering and special behavior.
| Built-in | Purpose |
|---|---|
@pytest.mark.skip | Always skip |
@pytest.mark.skipif(condition) | Conditional skip |
@pytest.mark.xfail | Expected failure |
@pytest.mark.asyncio | Async test (with pytest-asyncio) |
Custom markers: Define in pyproject.toml, run with pytest -m "marker"
Mocking
| Tool | Use Case |
|---|---|
Mock() | Create fake object |
patch() | Replace import |
MagicMock() | Mock with magic methods |
AsyncMock() | Mock async functions |
Key concept: Patch where the thing is used, not where it's defined.
Test Organization
tests/
├── conftest.py # Shared fixtures
├── unit/ # Fast, isolated
├── integration/ # Multiple components
└── e2e/ # Full system
Coverage
Key thresholds:
- 80%+ is good coverage
- 100% is often overkill
- Branch coverage catches conditionals
Config in pyproject.toml: Set source, branch=true, fail_under
Common Commands
| Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
pytest -v | Verbose output |
pytest -x | Stop on first failure |
pytest -k "pattern" | Filter by name |
pytest -m "marker" | Filter by marker |
pytest -s | Show print output |
pytest -n auto | Parallel (pytest-xdist) |
pytest --cov=src | With coverage |
Best Practices
| Practice | Why |
|---|---|
| One assertion per test | Clear failures |
| Descriptive test names | Self-documenting |
| Arrange-Act-Assert | Consistent structure |
| Test behavior, not implementation | Refactor-proof |
| Use factories for test data | Maintainable |
| Keep tests fast | Run often |
Resources
- Pytest docs: https://docs.pytest.org/
- pytest-asyncio: https://pytest-asyncio.readthedocs.io/