Unity Physics & Animation (3D)

Rigidbody fundamentals

[RequireComponent(typeof(Rigidbody))]
public class CharacterMover : MonoBehaviour {
    [SerializeField] private float moveSpeed = 6f;
    [SerializeField] private float jumpVelocity = 8f;
    private Rigidbody _rb;
    private Vector2 _input;
    private bool _jumpQueued;

    private void Awake() {
        _rb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
        _rb.interpolation = RigidbodyInterpolation.Interpolate;     // smooth visual
        _rb.collisionDetectionMode = CollisionDetectionMode.Continuous;
    }

    public void SetInput(Vector2 i)   => _input = i;
    public void Jump()                => _jumpQueued = true;

    private void FixedUpdate() {
        Vector3 vel = _rb.linearVelocity;
        Vector3 target = new Vector3(_input.x, 0, _input.y) * moveSpeed;
        vel.x = target.x; vel.z = target.z;
        if (_jumpQueued) { vel.y = jumpVelocity; _jumpQueued = false; }
        _rb.linearVelocity = vel;
    }
}

Note: in Unity 6 it's linearVelocity (not velocity).

Layer collision matrix

Edit > Project Settings > Physics > Layer Collision Matrix. Default — too permissive. Cull pairs you don't need (Player/PlayerProjectile, Enemy/EnemyProjectile) for both correctness and perf.

Joints

Animator state machine

[Idle] --(Speed > 0.1)--> [Run]
[Run]  --(Speed < 0.1)--> [Idle]
[Run]  --(Jump trigger)-> [Jump] --(Grounded && Vel<0)--> [Land] --> [Idle]

Parameters: float Speed, bool Grounded, trigger Jump. Cache hashes:

private static readonly int SpeedHash    = Animator.StringToHash("Speed");
private static readonly int JumpHash     = Animator.StringToHash("Jump");

void Update() => _animator.SetFloat(SpeedHash, _input.magnitude);
void OnJump() => _animator.SetTrigger(JumpHash);

Animator layers + masks

Upper-body shooting layer over base locomotion: layer with weight 1, Avatar Mask covering only spine/arms, Override blending mode.

Animation Rigging

Use for procedural pose adjustments without breaking animation: Two-Bone IK (hand to weapon), Multi-Aim Constraint (head looks at target), Damped Transform (cloth-like trailing).

Rig builds at runtime via RigBuilder — animations evaluate first, then rig constraints adjust.

Humanoid retargeting

Map any FBX with similar skeleton to Mecanim Humanoid → animations swap across characters automatically. Generic rig only when humanoid mapping doesn't fit (quadrupeds, robots).

Anti-patterns

Production checklist

• Layer collision matrix culled
• Rigidbody interpolation set on player + camera-tracked objects
• Continuous collision on fast-moving bodies
• Animator parameters use cached hashes
• Humanoid avatars share animations across characters
• Rig constraints disabled when not visible