Ratatui TUI Development

Quick Start

Copy template to project:

cp -r ~/.agents/skills/ratatui-tui/assets/templates/<template>/* .

Or generate from the official templates repo:

cargo install --locked cargo-generate
cargo generate ratatui/templates

Run:
```
cargo run
```

Version Notes (0.30.x)

Targets 0.30.x (MSRV 1.88, edition 2024); run cargo info ratatui for the current patch release.

Modular workspace: apps keep depending on ratatui; widget libraries should depend on ratatui-core for API stability and fewer dependencies.
ratatui::run(|terminal| ...): initializes the terminal, installs a panic hook that restores it, runs the closure, and restores on exit.
Block::shadow(...) (new in 0.30.1): drop shadows for blocks/popups.
Breaking since 0.29: block::Title removed, layout::Alignment renamed to HorizontalAlignment, Flex::SpaceAround now matches flexbox semantics (use Flex::SpaceEvenly for the old behavior), Marker is non-exhaustive.
Performance: disabling default-features also disables layout-cache; re-enable it explicitly or layout performance drops sharply.

Template Selection

Complexity	Template	Use Case
Minimal	`hello-world`	Learning, quick demos
Simple	`simple-app`	Single-screen apps, tools
Async	`async-app`	Background tasks, network
Full	`component-app`	Multi-view, config, logging

Decision tree:

Need async/network? → async-app
Multiple screens/components? → component-app
Just a simple tool? → simple-app
Learning ratatui? → hello-world

Project Setup

Minimal Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "my-tui"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"

[dependencies]
ratatui = "0.30"
crossterm = "0.29"
color-eyre = "0.6"

Full Dependencies (component-app)

[dependencies]
ratatui = "0.30"
crossterm = { version = "0.29", features = ["event-stream"] }
color-eyre = "0.6"
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
futures = "0.3"
clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive"] }
tracing = "0.1"
tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
config = "0.15"
dirs = "6"

# Optional: image support (default features include chafa-dyn, which overrides chafa-static)
ratatui-image = { version = "11", default-features = false, features = ["crossterm", "image-defaults", "chafa-static"] }

# Optional: shimmer text animation
tui-shimmer = "0.1"

Release Profile

[profile.release]
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
panic = "abort"
strip = true

Core Loop: TEA (The Elm Architecture)

Model → Message → Update → View
  ↑                         |
  └─────────────────────────┘

struct App {
    counter: i32,
    should_quit: bool,
}

enum Message {
    Increment,
    Decrement,
    Quit,
}

impl App {
    fn update(&mut self, msg: Message) {
        match msg {
            Message::Increment => self.counter += 1,
            Message::Decrement => self.counter -= 1,
            Message::Quit => self.should_quit = true,
        }
    }

    fn view(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
        let text = format!("Counter: {}", self.counter);
        frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(text), frame.area());
    }
}

Styling Rules

Use Stylize trait helpers:

use ratatui::style::Stylize;

// Good
"text".bold()
"text".dim()
"text".cyan()
"text".on_dark_gray()
"text".bold().cyan()

// Avoid
Style::default().fg(Color::White)  // hardcoded white
Style::default().fg(Color::Black)  // hardcoded black
Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)  // verbose

Color palette:

Primary: .cyan(), .green()
Error: .red()
Warning: .yellow() (sparingly)
Muted: .dim(), .dark_gray()
Accent: .magenta()

Text wrapping:

use textwrap::wrap;
use ratatui::text::Line;

let wrapped: Vec<Line> = wrap(&long_text, width as usize)
    .into_iter()
    .map(|cow| Line::from(cow.into_owned()))
    .collect();

See: references/style-guide.md

Widget Patterns

StatefulWidget

struct MyList {
    items: Vec<String>,
}

struct MyListState {
    selected: usize,
}

impl StatefulWidget for MyList {
    type State = MyListState;

    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
        // render with state.selected
    }
}

// Usage
frame.render_stateful_widget(my_list, area, &mut state);

Layout

let [header, main, footer] = Layout::vertical([
    Constraint::Length(1),
    Constraint::Fill(1),
    Constraint::Length(1),
]).areas(frame.area());

let [left, right] = Layout::horizontal([
    Constraint::Percentage(30),
    Constraint::Fill(1),
]).areas(main);

Built-in State Types

ListState - for List widget
TableState - for Table widget
ScrollbarState - for Scrollbar

See: references/architecture-patterns.md

Async Event Handling

use crossterm::event::{EventStream, Event, KeyCode};
use futures::StreamExt;
use tokio::select;

async fn run(mut app: App) -> Result<()> {
    let mut events = EventStream::new();

    loop {
        // Render
        terminal.draw(|f| app.view(f))?;

        // Handle events
        select! {
            Some(Ok(event)) = events.next() => {
                if let Event::Key(key) = event {
                    match key.code {
                        KeyCode::Char('q') => break,
                        KeyCode::Up => app.update(Message::Up),
                        KeyCode::Down => app.update(Message::Down),
                        _ => {}
                    }
                }
            }
            // Add other channels here (background tasks, timers)
        }

        if app.should_quit {
            break;
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

See: references/async-patterns.md

Image Integration

Targets ratatui-image 11.x; its API changes between majors, so check docs.rs before reusing older snippets.

use ratatui::layout::Size;
use ratatui_image::{picker::Picker, protocol::Protocol, Image, Resize};

// Query protocol and font size once at startup; keep the picker on the app
let picker = Picker::from_query_stdio()?;

// Encode once, fitted inside a box of cells; do this outside `draw`
// (on a worker thread for large images)
let dyn_img = image::open("photo.png")?;
let protocol: Protocol = picker.new_protocol(dyn_img, Size::new(40, 20), Resize::Fit(None))?;

// In render, drawing a pre-encoded Protocol is cheap
frame.render_widget(Image::new(&protocol), area);

Key points:

For portable binaries use chafa-static with default-features = false; the default chafa-dyn takes precedence when both are enabled
Query the protocol once, not per frame
Image is stateless and fixed-size; all encoding happens in new_protocol
StatefulImage refits to its render area and encodes at render time, which blocks; drive it through ratatui_image::thread::ThreadProtocol (see the crate's examples/thread.rs and examples/tokio.rs)

See: references/image-integration.md

Shimmer / Loading Animation

tui-shimmer sweeps a highlight across text — the "Loading…"/"Thinking…" effect used by coding-agent TUIs.

use ratatui::style::Style;
use ratatui::text::Line;
use tui_shimmer::{shimmer_spans_with_style, shimmer_spans_with_style_at_phase};

// Time-driven (call every frame; re-render on a tick to animate)
let spans = shimmer_spans_with_style("Loading...", Style::new().cyan());
frame.render_widget(Line::from(spans), area);

// Deterministic: drive phase (0.0..1.0) from app state — testable, pausable
let phase = (self.start.elapsed().as_secs_f32() / 2.0) % 1.0;
let spans = shimmer_spans_with_style_at_phase("Working...", Style::new().cyan(), phase);

Key points:

Animation needs redraws: add a tick event (~80-120ms) to the event loop (select! with tokio::time::interval, or event::poll timeout)
Prefer the _at_phase variant with phase stored in the Model — keeps rendering pure and animation testable
True color with automatic fallback for limited terminals
API is experimental until 1.0 — pin and review minor bumps

Error Handling

ratatui::run() / ratatui::init() install a panic hook that restores the terminal before panicking — do not write one by hand. Install color-eyre first so the terminal is restored before its report prints:

use color_eyre::eyre::Result;

fn main() -> Result<()> {
    color_eyre::install()?;        // eyre hooks before terminal init
    // App::run is the app's own main loop (see templates), not a ratatui API
    let result = ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal));
    Ok(result?)
}

Only write a manual panic hook when constructing Terminal/Backend by hand instead of via ratatui::init().

Error propagation:

// Use ? for recoverable errors
let file = std::fs::read_to_string(path)?;

// Use color_eyre context
let config = load_config()
    .wrap_err("Failed to load configuration")?;

Release Build

cargo build --release

Binary at target/release/<name>.

Size optimization — replaces the Release Profile block above when binary size matters more than speed:

[profile.release]
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
panic = "abort"
strip = true
opt-level = "z"  # size over speed

Templates Overview

hello-world (~25 lines)

Minimal ratatui demo using ratatui::run().

simple-app (~80 lines)

Synchronous event loop, App struct, basic render.

async-app (~120 lines)

Tokio runtime, EventStream, select! pattern.

component-app (~300 lines)

Full modular structure:

main.rs - entry point
app.rs - App state, update logic
event.rs - event handling
ui.rs - rendering
action.rs - Action enum
tui.rs - terminal setup
config.rs - configuration with dirs
logging.rs - tracing setup

Common Patterns

Centered Popup

fn centered_rect(percent_x: u16, percent_y: u16, area: Rect) -> Rect {
    let [_, center, _] = Layout::vertical([
        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_y) / 2),
        Constraint::Percentage(percent_y),
        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_y) / 2),
    ]).areas(area);

    let [_, center, _] = Layout::horizontal([
        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_x) / 2),
        Constraint::Percentage(percent_x),
        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_x) / 2),
    ]).areas(center);

    center
}

With a drop shadow (0.30.1+):

use ratatui::layout::Offset;
use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Shadow};

let popup = Block::bordered()
    .title("Confirm")
    .shadow(Shadow::dark_shade().offset(Offset::new(2, 1)));

Key Bindings Display

let help = Line::from(vec![
    " q ".bold().cyan(),
    "quit ".dim(),
    " ↑↓ ".bold().cyan(),
    "navigate ".dim(),
    " Enter ".bold().cyan(),
    "select ".dim(),
]);

Status Bar

let status = Line::from(vec![
    " MODE ".bold().on_cyan(),
    format!(" {} items ", count).dim().into(),
]);

Multi-Agent TUI Review Workflow

workflows/tui-review.js is a dynamic-workflow template for Claude Code's Workflow tool. It fans out one reviewer per TUI dimension — TEA architecture, terminal safety, styling, event handling, render performance — then adversarially verifies each finding before reporting, so only confirmed issues survive. In agents without the Workflow tool (Codex), skip the script and apply those five dimensions as a manual review checklist instead.

Treat it as a template, not a script to run verbatim: adjust the target path, dimensions, and severity threshold to the codebase. It fans out several agents, so run it when the user asks for a TUI review or a pre-release check:

Workflow({
  scriptPath: "~/.agents/skills/ratatui-tui/workflows/tui-review.js",
  args: { path: "src/" },
})

Or ask: "run the TUI review workflow from the ratatui-tui skill on src/".

Checklist

Before shipping:

cargo fmt
cargo clippy --all-features clean
No unwrap() outside tests
Terminal restored on all exit paths (ratatui::run() or init/restore)
cargo build --release succeeds
Test on target terminal(s)